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īley-Froman’s Fundamental Difference Hypothesis 3. Internal : It is caused by differences in the internal cognitive state of adult children, not by some external factor or factors (insufficient input, for example) Linguistic : It is caused by a change in the lg faculty specifically, not by some general change in learning ability. īley-Froman’s Fundamental Difference Hypothesis BF describes that the differences between child and adult LA are different internally, linguistically and qualitatively. They never exhibit the same level of intuition as to the grammaticality of sentences that NSs do. Adults may reach a certain plateau that cannot be surpassed no matter how hard they try – fossilization. Children do not experience this flexibility because their goals are under control of language faculty that unfolds along a genetically programmed sequence. īley-Froman Adults set up different goals as to their desired level of L2 mastery.
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Adults’ SLA lacks “general guaranteed success” L2 acquisition is guided by “general human cognitive learning capacities rather than by the same domain-specific module which guarantees child’s success in first language acquisition (1989,44). Bley-Froman (1989, 43) does not believe that L2 learners have access to UG. Agustien įrom UG to Information Processing Because studies examining the L2 learner’s access to UG are controversial and inconclusive, some researchers openly deny that L2 learners have access to UG. Other results indicated that pronouns have semi-autonomous functions of their own, and reflect beliefs and attitudes that vary with subject sex, and are context dependent, pragmatic in nature, and dynamic over time.SLA – 3 Information Processing Helena I.
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A second study examined rapidly generated inferences that influenced what pronoun subjects chose to complete visually presented sentences, such as "When a student practices basketball instead of studying" and "When a student practices ballet instead of studying." The results indicated that inferences from beliefs altered the choice of pronoun from predominately he to predominantly she. The beliefs and attitudes underlying these pronoun choices intruded not just hypoconsciously, but contraconsciously. Subjects were more likely to use human pronouns rather than it for referring to pets rather than nonpets, and antecedents that were liked rather than disliked, familiar rather than unfamiliar, named rather than unnamed, rational rather than nonrational, and engaging in typically human rather than nonhuman activities (. Subjects in one study completed auditorily presented sentence fragments, some of which contained nonhuman antecedents such as dog and cat. This paper examines how inner theories influence lexical choice. Present findings therefore suggest that the same emotion-linked memory encoding processes can cause underestimation of durations in prospective tasks but overestimation in retrospective tasks, as if emotion enhances recall of ongoing events but causes overestimation of the durations of those. ) the retrospective task, participants only judged durations in a surprise test at the end, and their duration estimates were longer for taboo than neutral words. These findings suggested that memory encoding took priority over estimating durations, directing attention away from time and causing better recall but shorter perceived durations for taboo than neutral words.
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In the prospective task, participants attended to time from the beginning and generated shorter duration estimates for taboo than neutral words and for words that they subsequently recalled in a surprise free recall task. ABSTRACTThis study examined duration judgments for taboo and neutral words in prospective and retrospective timing tasks.
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